Mythal is a brand contains Thalidomide, is a drug with a complex and controversial history. Initially developed in the 1950s as a sedative and later used to treat morning sickness in pregnant women, it became infamous for causing severe birth defects. Today, however, the drug has found renewed medical applications in treating certain cancers and immune-related conditions. Thalidomide has multiple pharmacological effects, including immunomodulation, suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), inhibition of angiogenesis, and sedation.

Thalidomide's journey from a disastrous sedative to a valuable treatment for severe diseases is one of the most striking examples of medical advancement and ethical responsibility. While it remains a powerful drug, its use requires extreme caution and strict regulation to prevent history from repeating itself.

Rediscovery and Modern Medical Uses

Despite its tragic past, thalidomide was later found to have significant medicinal properties.

a) Treatment of Leprosy (1990s)

• In the 1990s, researchers discovered that thalidomide was effective in treating erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful inflammatory complication of leprosy.

• The World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed its restricted use under strict supervision.

b) Cancer Therapy (2000s)

• Thalidomide was found to inhibit angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, making it effective against multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer.

• The FDA approved thalidomide for multiple myeloma in 2006.

c) Autoimmune Disorders

• Thalidomide has been used to treat lupus, Crohn’s disease, and graft-versus-host disease.

• It modulates the immune system and reduces inflammation.

Side Effects and Risks

a) Teratogenicity

• The drug remains highly teratogenic (causing birth defects).

• Even minimal exposure during pregnancy leads to severe fetal malformations.

• Strict pregnancy prevention programs are enforced for female patients.

b) Neuropathy

• Long-term use can cause peripheral neuropathy, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain in the limbs.

c) Blood Clots and Cardiovascular Risks

• Thalidomide increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism.

• Blood thinners may be required alongside treatment.

d) Fatigue and Dizziness

• Patients often experience drowsiness, dizziness, and cognitive impairment.

Current Regulations and Controls

Thalidomide is now prescribed under strict regulations, such as:

• The STEPS Program (U.S.): Ensures controlled distribution.

• Celgene Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety (STEPS): Requires mandatory counseling for patients.

• Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS): Used in multiple countries.

Pregnancy testing, contraception, and physician monitoring are essential for patients on thalidomide.

Ethical and Social Impact

The thalidomide tragedy remains a cautionary tale in medical ethics. It led to:

• Tighter drug regulations worldwide.

• Increased emphasis on ethical clinical trials.

• Greater patient advocacy and compensation for victims.

Today, while thalidomide offers life-saving benefits, its history serves as a stark reminder of the importance of rigorous drug testing.