From Stem Cells to Spermatozoa: The Journey of Sperm Production

Sperm is produced in the testicles. Upon reaching puberty, a man produces millions of sperm cells every day, each about 0.002 inches (0.05 millimeters) long.

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There are small tubes in the testicles. These tubes, called seminiferous tubules, contain germ cells that cause hormones – including testosterone, the male sex hormone – to turn into sperm. The germ cells divide and change until they resemble tadpoles with a head and a short tail. The tail pushes the sperm into a tube at the back of the testicle called the epididymis. For about five weeks, the sperm complete their development by traveling through the epididymis. Once out of the epididymis, the sperm move into the vas deferens.

When a man is aroused for sexual activity, sperm are mixed with seminal fluid – a white liquid produced by the seminal vesicles and prostate gland – to form semen. As a result of stimulation, semen, containing up to 500 million sperm, is released from the penis through the urethra (ejaculated).

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How Long Does It Take For New Sperm To Be Produced?
The process of going from a germ cell to a mature sperm cell capable of fertilizing an egg takes about 2.5 months. Your testicles are continuously producing sperm but the full regeneration cycle may take more than two months. You produce sperm every day, but a complete sperm regeneration cycle takes about 64 days. Spermatogenesis is the complete cycle of sperm production and maturation. It supplies your body with a constant supply of sperm that are able to travel through the vagina to an unfertilized egg in the woman's ovary to achieve pregnancy.

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What Is The Rate Of Sperm Production?
The testicles continuously produce new sperm in spermatogenesis. The entire process takes approximately 64 days. During spermatogenesis, your testicles make several million sperm per day – about 1,500 per second. By the end of the full sperm production cycle, up to 8 billion sperm may have been produced.

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The sperm regeneration cycle includes:
1. Division of diploid sperm cells into haploid spermatids that can carry genetic data.
2. Maturation of sperm in your testicles, specifically in the seminiferous tubules. Hormones help the sperm in this process until they become sperm. Sperm remain in the testicles until they are nearly mature. A mature sperm has a head that contains genetic material and a tail that helps the sperm travel through the female body for fertilization.
3. Movement of sperm into the epididymis, a tube attached to your testicles that stores sperm. The epididymis protects the sperm until ejaculation. It is here that sperm also acquire the ability to move. This enables them to travel when semen (semen) is released during ejaculation.

Fertilization is most likely to occur if you have not ejaculated for a long time. Continuous sperm regeneration replenishes the epididymis with fresh sperm. The longer they remain in the epididymis, the higher the number of sperm you will have in an ejaculation. If you and your partner are trying to conceive, waiting a few days between ejaculations may increase your chances of conceiving. On the other hand, ejaculating more often can help you keep your partner from getting pregnant, especially if you don't have sex until ovulation ends.

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The healthier your sperm, the better your chances of being fertile and conceiving. In addition to quantity, or how many of them you produce, sperm health is measured by:

• Sperm Movement (motility) – Sperm must pass through the woman's cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes before reaching the egg for fertilization. Motility is measured by how mobile the sperm are.
• Sperm Shape (morphology) – Sperm should have a long tail and an oval-shaped head. A higher number of normal-sized sperm means a higher chance of conceiving with your partner.

To maintain good sperm health, you can adopt the following methods like -

• Exercise regularly – In a 2014 study, researchers analyzed 433 semen samples from 231 participants. They found that men who did outdoor activities or lifted weights for about 3.2 hours a week had 42 percent higher sperm counts than men who didn't exercise at all.
• Get enough vitamins C and D in your diet – A 2016 study of 200 men found that men who lost weight and took 1,000 milligrams (mg) of vitamin C supplements every other day had lower sperm count and Increase in mobility was observed. A 2015 study of 102 couples showed that the female partners of men who had normal vitamin D levels in their blood samples experienced higher pregnancy rates than the partners of men with vitamin D deficiency. Despite this, there was no significant difference in their sperm count or motility.
• Consume enough lycopene – A 2014 study suggests that consuming 4 to 8 milligrams of lycopene daily may help increase sperm count and viability, or the amount of sperm that live in a given sample of semen. Lycopene is an antioxidant found in many fruits and vegetables.
• Limit smoking – A 2015 review of 33 studies dating back to 1982 found that smoking had a noticeable effect on semen quality and sperm count.
• Limit alcohol intake – A 2014 study of 1,221 men found that the more alcohol men drank, the more likely they were to have irregularly shaped sperm. Researchers also saw an association between drinking alcohol and low testosterone, which can also affect fertility.
• Wear loose-fitting underwear and clothing – your testicles hang away from your body, keeping them at a temperature of 35 to 37°C (95 to 98.6°F), which is lower than your body temperature. This is the best environment for sperm production. Wearing tight underwear, jeans or pants causes your testicles to become the same temperature as your body, which can cause sperm to lose motility and viability.

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If you and your partner are trying to conceive, try the following methods:

• Have sex two to three times a week for healthy sperm.
• To conceive, wait a few days after having sex so that the sperm count increases and you will have to avoid masturbation.
• Use an ovulation kit to test the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in your partner's urine. LH levels increase just before ovulation. If your partner gets a positive result, have sex on the same day as the test. Having sex for the next few days can also increase the chances of pregnancy.
• Do not use oil-based lubricants if you are trying to conceive. These can have a negative impact on sperm health.
• Visit your doctor for a semen analysis if you have been trying to conceive for more than six months. The health of your sperm depends on several factors, including your age, diet, and overall sperm count. Your doctor can determine how healthy your sperm are and whether pregnancy is possible, as well as advise you on next steps.

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Your body produces fresh sperm every day, and your sperm supply is replenished at least every 64 days. This ensures that there is an adequate supply of sperm available at any time. Sperm quality and quantity are affected by your diet and lifestyle. Eat well, stay active, and avoid unhealthy behaviors to keep your sperm as healthy as possible.