Filariasis is an infectious disease caused by the parasites Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi. The disease most commonly affects the lymphatic system (lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis), though it can also affect the skin (sub-cutaneous filariasis). Lymphatic filariasis is transmitted by the Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia annulifera mosquitoes. When a mosquito bites an infected person, it picks up the larvae of the parasite from the person's blood. If the same mosquito then bites a healthy person, it transmits the disease by depositing the larvae into the skin of the person. Once they enter the body of a person, these larvae quickly travel to the lymphatic system and mature to form adult worms. Adult worms, in turn, produce millions of new larvae that then circulate in the person's bloodstream and lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system consists of a networks of vessels that run parallel to the blood vessels but carry a clear yellow-white liquid called lymph instead. This lymph contains white blood cells that protect the body from harmful organisms.
Although the parasite damages the lymphatic system, most people never develop clinical symptoms. Few develop lymphoedema caused by fluid collection in the lymphatic system which leads to swelling, especially of the legs and sometimes the arms, breasts and genitalia. Together, the swelling and lymphatic dysfunction lead to thickening and hardening of the skin called elephantiasis. Men may also develop hydrocele (swelling of the scrotum).
Acute attacks of adenolymphangitis (ADL) are also common in filariasis. They occur due to the inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system, causing lymphangitis (inflammation of lymphatic vessels) and lymphadenitis (inflammation of lymph nodes). This makes the lower limbs prone to recurrent bacterial infections. Generally, the pathogenic bacteria enter the lymphatic system through lesions between the toes, causing redness, swelling, pain, fever and chills.
Lymphatic filariasis is diagnosed through blood samples which identify the microfilariae (larvae), blood tests for antibodies and ultrasonography that shows the adult worms moving in the lymph vessels. (Read more: Microfilaria parasite test)
Filarial infection can also cause tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome wherein the eosinophil (disease-fighting white blood cells) count goes up and the person suffers from cough, wheezing and breathlessness along with high immunoglobulin E levels.
Homeopathic treatment of filariasis aims at relieving the acute episodes and prevention of complications. Long-term treatment reduces the frequency and intensity of subsequent attacks. Common homepathic remedies that are used in the treatment of filariasis include anacardium orientale, apis mellifica, arsenicum album, graphites, hydrocotyle asiatica, iodium and rhus toxicodendron. Homeopathic doctors consider the individual characteristics of the patient’s personality and physiology along with the disease symptoms to chose the most suitable remedy and its dosage for a patient.